Reinforcement
- Learning behaviours through consequences
- If the consequence is positive, the behaviour is repeated, but if it is negative the behaviours are discouraged
- However, giving a child attention for negative behaviour will result in more negative behaviour as they relate the action to the response via classical conditioning.
- Interaction with the caregiver (eg cooing) results in rewards (eg attention). This creates and reinforces their bond, so attachment behaviors become more common
Explanation
- Attachment is a two way process, both the child and the caregiver attach to eachover.
- The caregiver is rewarded, as a child that is interactive and happy makes them want to interact,
- They both learn to bond as they both benefit
- This explains why bonds don't form in neglect and abuse, as neither are rewarded. Thus, behaviours aren't encouraged, and the child may see relationships as a punishment and avoid them.
Experience
Attatchment depends on experience and parenting styles
Secure Attachment
- Sensitive caregivers
- Interpret child's signals well
- Cooperating, accepting and accessible
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
- Uninterested carers
- Often reject child
- Self centered or strict caregiver
Insecure Ambivalent Attachment
- Carers interested in children
- Misunderstand child's behaviour
- Child cannot rely on emotional support
- Often seen in caregivers who are substance dependent
Effects
- Effects are both short and long term
- Securely attached children are less likely to bully, insecure ambivalent attached children are more likely to be bullies and insecure avoidant are more likely to be bullied.
- There is also a relationship with attachment types and adult intimate relationships.
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